Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

SLE, or systemic lupus erythematosus, is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body’s own immune system attacks various organs. This causes inflammation and damage in different parts of the body. Affected organs or organ systems include kidneys, lungs, heart, blood cells and blood vessels, digestive tract, eyes, nervous system, skin, muscles, joints and bones.²

SLE is the most common type of lupus, affecting about 7 out of 10 people diagnosed with lupus.³ Worldwide, approximately 3.4 million people are living with SLE.⁹

The exact cause of SLE remains unknown, but experts believe it is linked to a mix of genetic, environmental and hormonal factors.⁴

SLE is significantly more common in women, with women nine times more likely than men to get the disease. It most often begins to affect individuals between the ages of 15 to 44, although this can vary. Individuals with African, Hispanic or Asian heritage have a higher likelihood of developing SLE.⁵

Genetics can also play a role in developing SLE. This is mainly due to common variations in genes that affect the immune system. While these variations may create a genetic predisposition to autoimmune disorders, they do not guarantee that a person will develop SLE.

Other contributing factors may include sex hormones, viral infections and exposure to drugs, chemicals and sunlight.²

Diagnosing SLE can be challenging because the symptoms can vary widely by person, may change over time, and often resemble those of other conditions. There is no single test for SLE. To make a diagnosis, doctors typically conduct a physical exam, ask about your medical and family history, and order lab tests. These tests may include an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, complete blood count and kidney and liver function tests. Imaging tests and biopsies may also be used to assess impacts to organs such as the kidneys.⁵

Both internal and external factors can trigger SLE symptoms. When these triggers occur, symptoms may worsen and cause what is known as a flare. Common triggers include sun exposure, infections, certain medications (such as antibiotics, sulfa drugs or tetracycline drugs), stress and poor sleep or diet.³

In addition to taking prescribed medications, people with SLE can improve their quality of life by managing these environmental triggers. Helpful strategies include¹:

• Getting consistent, quality sleep
• Eating a balanced, nutritious diet
• Exercising regularly
• Using sunscreen and limiting sun exposure
• Monitoring for signs of a flare-up
• Avoiding smoking

Since SLE causes inflammation throughout the body, it can sometimes lead to other health problems. One of the most serious and common complications is the inflammation of the kidneys. Without effective treatment, it can progress to kidney failure.

SLE can also affect the nervous system, causing symptoms that range from brain fog and dizziness to strokes or seizures. Inflammation of the heart or arteries can lead to cardiovascular complications, increasing the risk of heart attacks and heart disease.

SLE may increase your risk of infection, cancer, bone tissue damage and pregnancy complications. If you are planning to become pregnant, talk with your health care team to ensure consistent monitoring and management of your SLE.⁵

Like the symptoms of SLE, complications of SLE can also vary from person to person. Early, consistent treatment and communication with your providers is important for managing symptoms and improving your ability to live a healthier, higher-quality life.⁴

There is currently no cure for SLE, but in many cases it can be effectively managed with the right combination of medications and lifestyle adjustments. Your doctor can work with you to create a personalized treatment plan aimed at controlling your symptoms and helping you reach remission. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to controlling symptoms and reducing the risk of complications.⁶

Additionally, it can help to talk openly with friends, family and coworkers about your condition and the changes you may need to make in daily life or at work. Support groups can also offer encouragement, understanding and a sense of connection that can make living with lupus easier.¹

SLE can be life-threatening if it affects vital organs. Kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes and infections are among the most serious SLE complications. It is important to talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk and recognize warning signs early. With proper treatment, many people with SLE manage their condition effectively and live long, active and fulfilling lives.³

Researchers are continuously investigating potential new and more effective treatments. For guidance on the best treatment options for you—and to determine if you may qualify for a clinical trial—please speak with your healthcare provider.